Plant Roots and Ecosystem Stability: A Structured Review

Abstract

Plant roots are multifunctional organs that not only anchor plants but also regulate water and nutrient flow, construct soil structure, and influence biogeochemical cycles. Root characteristics include systemic structure (such as taproot, fibrous roots, and basal roots), tissue anatomy (like epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and xylem/phloem), and rhizosphere processes (such as root hairs, air cavities, exudates, and mycorrhizae). These characteristics affect ecosystem functions, including water redistribution, soil aggregate formation, carbon sequestration, and resilience to disturbances. However, the complexities of the underground and methodological differences have historically made generalization difficult. This paper explores the impacts of root morphology and function on ecosystem stability, including root classification, specialized structure, and the role of roots in processes such as water and nutrient uptake, plant-microbe interactions, soil structure, and carbon cycling. And it also discusses the contributions of roots to ecological stability and resilience, such as controlling erosion, mitigating drought and nutrient changes, and promoting recovery, while identifying current challenges and methodological needs. The results indicate that root morphological diversity and functional differentiation significantly influenced water redistribution, soil aggregation, and carbon sequestration. Rhizosphere microorganisms, through interactions with roots, promoted nutrient acquisition and enhanced ecosystem stability. Roots also played a crucial role in preventing soil erosion and mitigating drought.