Review on Non-fluorinated Durable Water Repellent Alternatives for Textile and Fabric Coatings

Abstract

This review examines currently available alternatives to fluorinated chemicals for durable water repellent (DWR) and stain-resistant products, focusing on environmentally friendly options. It evaluates commercial products made from silicones, hydrocarbons, and dendrimers, based on chemical structure, repellency mechanism, and manufacturer-provided test results. Silicones offer hydrophobicity comparable to fluorinated chemicals, along with good feel, breathability, and cost-effectiveness. Hydrocarbons are eco-friendly and provide sufficient waterproofing for general use but fall short in extreme conditions. Dendrimeric DWR offers durability and breathability but is expensive and challenging to apply. All non-fluorinated DWR products share a common limitation: lack of oil repellency. Beyond surface chemistry, alternative approaches to liquid repellency include liquid-like surfaces that achieve low contact angle hysteresis through surface mobility, and designing surface texture and geometry to maintain a Cassie-Baxter state for high contact angles. The review concludes by highlighting future challenges in the field, including the development of oil-repellent, cost-effective, large-scale manufacturing technologies that align with the goals of a circular and sustainable economy.