ISSN 2959-409X(Print) ISSN 2960-1290(Online) Editor-in-chief ： Raees Ahmad （Xi'an Jiaotong University） Associate Editor： Zunaira Khalid （University of Lahore） Editorial Board Member： Muhammad Numan（The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University） Yu Diao（Xi'an Jiaotong University） The journal's rigorous process ensures that only high-quality papers are accepted for publication, providing readers with reliable and well-researched articles. This ensures that readers are exposed to the latest and most relevant research in the field of medicine. The journal covers a wide range of topics, from basic medical sciences such as anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology, to clinical specialties such as cardiology, oncology, and pediatrics. This breadth of coverage ensures that readers are exposed to the latest research in various medical fields. MedScien also places a strong emphasis on practical applications of research findings. The journal is committed to promoting research that has real-world applications and can inform clinical practice and healthcare policy-making. As such, readers can expect to find articles that not only contribute to theoretical knowledge but also have practical implications for healthcare professionals. All articles will be submitted to Google Scholar, Crossref, U.S. Librarian Database, ProQuest(part of Clarivate’s Web of Science), Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, SEMANTIC SCHOLAR, OpenAlex.
Clinical Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of Acupuncture in Treating Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a prevalent gynecological condition that profoundly impairs the quality of life. Acupuncture, a traditional Chinese therapy, has demonstrated significant efficacy and unique advantages in managing PD. Clinical evidence has corroborated that acupuncture, particularly when targeted at key acupoints such as SP6 (Sanyinjiao) and CV4 (Guanyuan), effectively mitigates pain and reduces reliance on analgesic agents. Its therapeutic effect is often superior to placebos and comparable to conventional pharmacotherapies. The underlying mechanisms involve multi-system integration: Peripherally, it attenuates uterine cramping by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and modulating prostaglandin balance. Centrally, it exerts analgesia by activating the endogenous opioid system and regulating neuroimmune crosstalk, and can also modulate brain network connectivity. Furthermore, the efficacy of acupuncture exhibits relative acupoint specificity and is dependent on the timing of intervention. In conclusion, acupuncture represents a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention for PD. Its multi-targeted, systemic regulatory effects provide a robust evidence-based foundation for its clinical application.
Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Drug Therapy
Diabetes is common around the world. It has several types and, among them, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is very common in many countries and can be found in all age groups. T2DM has some complications that really make patients’ lives inconvenient and some of the complications can bring high mortality. This review discusses how these complications happen and drug therapies for some of the diseases, also talks about some other factors that could make drug therapies different and gives some ways to discover drugs that can improve treatment plans. The complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus are mostly microor macrovascular diseases, whose onset and progression are caused by its uncontrolled nature. At present, the drug treatment for type 2 diabetes includes two types: oral hypoglycemic drugs and injectable preparations. At present, the treatment of type 2 diabetes focuses on comprehensive management, with the goal of controlling blood sugar and preventing complications. Future research may focus on new drug development, technological and therapeutic innovations, early intervention and reversal of type 2 diabetes.
Research Advances in Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Recurrence Following Osteochondroma Surgery
Osteochondroma is prone to recurrence following surgical intervention, and modern medical treatments have inherent limitations. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) possesses a theoretical foundation for the prevention and treatment of bone tumours. This study focuses on TCM approaches to preventing and treating post-operative recurrence of osteochondroma. Employing a methodology combining literature review with clinical case analysis, it examines clinical cases of patients who underwent osteochondroma surgery and relevant literature. Results indicate that TCM, centred on “tonifying the liver and kidneys,” employs formulas such as Liuwei Dihuang Wan to promote bone repair and reduce recurrence rates. However, challenges remain in the standardization of TCM pattern differentiation. Conclusions suggest TCM can complement medical treatments, highlighting the need for in-depth research and standardised clinical application.
Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): A Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
Globally, metabolic diseases are highly prevalent, which not only compromise patients’ quality of life but also impose a heavy socioeconomic burden on society. Moreover, gut microbiota dysbiosis is one of the key components in the progression of these diseases. This review focuses on the treatment of metabolic diseases through the modulation of gut microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It aims to clarify the mechanisms by which TCM improves metabolic diseases via regulating gut microbiota, as well as the interaction between TCM and gut microbiota. Additionally, this review summarizes the research evidence of TCM in treating certain metabolic diseases and outlines future research.
The Integration of Taste and Smell in the Human Brain-------How We Perceive Flavor
Whenever we like food, we say that it “tastes good”. However, most of what we refer to as taste is actually smell. This paper examines how the human brain integrates signals from taste buds and the nose to form the perception of flavor. A common misconception among the general public is that these two signals are completely separate. However, they do have interactions, particularly in regions of the brain, such as the orbitofrontal cortex, where finally the tongue meets the olfactory system. One of the concepts that will be discussed is retronasal olfaction: the process by which odors from food in the mouth travel upward into the nose during chewing and swallowing. This paper discusses the conclusions based on reading the paper from Small et al. (2004), who, through imaging research, found that different brain regions react differently to the same smell, depending on how it enters the head through the nose or the mouth. Through a review of neuroscience and behavioral research, this paper aims to demonstrate that flavor is not merely a sensation of the tongue. It is, in fact, a multisensory process that is influenced by biology, memory, and culture.
3D Bioprinting of Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Models: Advances, Applications, and Challenges
This study examines the emerging role of threedimensional (3D) bioprinting i n constructing physiologically relevant tumor microenvironment (TME) models. By synthesizing recent advances in bioprinting strategies, bioink development, immune–tumor integration, and vascularization techniques, the analysis highlights how engineered spatial precision and controlled multicellular organization enhance the accuracy of cancer modeling. The findings indicate that 3D bioprinted TMEs provide improved platforms for studying tumor heterogeneity, therapy resistance, and drug response dynamics. Despite these strengths, challenges remain in achieving stable perfusion, standardizing bioink properties, and reproducing dynamic in vivo conditions. Future work should focus on integrating microfluidic systems, optimizing bioink formulations, and advancing interdisciplinary collaboration. Overall, this study underscores the value of 3D bioprinting as a transformative tool for oncology research and the development of more predictive preclinical models.
Literature Review on Sleep Disorder Research
Sleep disorder has become a key global public health challenge, and its high prevalence rate (for example, among middle-aged and elderly people, insomnia is 17.3% and OSAHS is over 30%) seriously affects physical and mental health and leads to huge social and economic costs. This review focuses on the classification of sleep disorders (based on ICSD-3), physiological and psychological injury mechanisms, multi-level pathogenic factors (physiology, social environment and behavior) and comprehensive intervention strategies (precision medicine, cognitive behavioral therapy, environmental optimization and public policy). The key problems to be solved include the complex interaction between sleep disorders and chronic diseases, the vulnerability differences among different populations, and the effectiveness of interdisciplinary intervention. The conclusion of this review is that research on sleep disorders requires strengthened interdisciplinary collaboration, and future efforts need to solve the long-term cost-benefit gap between cross-cultural research and intervention measures in order to advance global sleep health governance.
Autoimmune Skin Diseases: Origin, Classification, Progression, and Advanced Therapeutic Strategies
Globally, the incidence of complex skin diseases such as psoriasis and lupus erythematosus is continuously increasing, and current therapies often fail to achieve complete disease remission. This review explores the pathogenesis, classification, and progression of autoimmune skin diseases, as well as several promising emerging treatment strategies, including JAK-STAT inhibitors, gene and cell therapies, microbiome regulation, and the application of nanotechnology. These strategies aim to enhance disease management efficacy and improve patients’ quality of life. However, several challenges remain, such as safety concerns, high treatment costs, and interindividual variability in treatment response. Although these challenges mean that a complete cure for many stubborn skin diseases will still take some time, the current progress has brought new weapons for more effective control of the disease and improvement of quality of life. For instance, JAK(Ruxolitinib) inhibitors and biologics are now integral to managing atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. While stem cell therapy demonstrates potential in addressing autoimmune conditions like systemic sclerosis and lupus.
PD-L1 Lactylation Overturned the Understanding of Lactylations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality, and tumor immune evasion mediated by the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint axis constitutes a critical therapeutic barrier. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that aberrant tumor metabolism, particularly lactate accumulation and the associated post-translational modification of lysine lactylation (Kla), can modulate PDL1 expression and function. Recent studies reveal that lysine lactylation modulates PD-L1 through multifaceted mechanisms: histone lactylation at the PD-L1 gene promoter can elevate PD-L1 transcription; lactylationdriven upregulation of factors such as major vault protein (MVP) inhibits PD-L1 proteasomal degradation, increasing its stability; and PD-L1 itself is subject to direct lactylation. Notably, lactylation of PD-L1 at lysine 189 (K189) has been shown to abrogate its nuclear translocation; loss of this modification enables vimentin-mediated nuclear translocation of PD-L1, which in turn promotes tumor progression and metastatic dissemination by triggering de novo cholesterol biosynthesis. These insights underscore a novel link between metabolic reprogramming and immune checkpoint regulation, suggesting that targeting the lactylation pathway in a context-dependent manner across distinct tumor stages may optimize therapeutic outcomes in HCC.
Exploring the Relationship Between Depression and Sleep Disorders
Depression is a pressing global public health crisis affecting approximately 380 million people worldwide, with a particularly alarming rise among adolescents. A critical yet underrecognized aspect of this disorder is its strong bidirectional link to sleep disturbances. These issues not only serve as core diagnostic symptoms of depression but also act as independent risk factors for its onset and progression. Significantly, approximately 45% to 50% of suicides worldwide are associated with individuals diagnosed with depression, underscoring the critical need to elucidate the interplay between sleep disturbances and depressive disorders to enhance clinical interventions. This paper systematically examines the reciprocal relationship between the two conditions, exploring key physiological mechanisms (HPA axis dysregulation, neurotransmitter imbalances, chronic inflammation) and psychological factors (rumination, catastrophic sleep beliefs, conditioned arousal). It also evaluates evidence-based interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)—which achieves 60-65% insomnia remission—and targeted pharmacotherapies (e.g., mirtazapine for insomnia-dominant depression). By synthesizing core research findings, this review aims to enhance clinical understanding of their interaction, providing actionable insights to break the cycle of poor sleep and worsening mood.
Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Anti-Aging and Skin Regeneration
Skin aging constitutes a multifaceted physiological process. With the acceleration of global aging, anti-aging and skin regeneration have become research hotspots in aesthetic medicine and regenerative medicine. This paper focuses on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), investigating their diverse mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness, and future development trends in combating skin aging and promoting skin regeneration. This study employs a systematic literature review methodology to analyze the biological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and their anti-aging and regenerative mechanisms achieved via paracrine signaling and direct differentiation. It also examines specific application cases in photodamaged skin and difficult-to-heal wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers. Results indicate that MSCs primarily exert their effects through potent paracrine activity. By releasing multiple growth factors, cytokines, and exosomes, they synergistically confer protection against oxidative stress, exert immunomodulatory regulation, promote collagen synthesis, inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and stimulate angiogenesis. These multifaceted actions effectively delay skin aging and accelerate wound healing. Despite the broad application prospects of MSCs, further research is still needed in areas such as cell standardization protocols, safety evaluation systems, and cell-free therapeutic strategies.
Study on Diagnosis of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities by Ultrasound Screening and Ultrasound-Guided Amniocentesis
With advancements in modern medical technology, prenatal diagnosis has become increasingly crucial. This review focuses on exploring the clinical value, application status, and research progress of two key prenatal diagnostic methods—ultrasound screening and ultrasound-guided amniocentesis—in the detection of fetal chromosomal abnormalities. By systematically summarizing relevant literature and clinical studies, the review analyzes the effectiveness, safety, and applicable scenarios of these two methods, compares their advantages and limitations with other common prenatal screening and diagnostic techniques, and identifies the core indications for their clinical application. The study reveals significantly higher detection rates of chromosomal abnormalities in the ultrasound screening abnormal group compared to the Down syndrome screening group. Key indications for amniocentesis include abnormal Down syndrome screening results, ultrasound screening abnormalities (such as NT thickening), and advanced maternal age. This research demonstrates the clinical significance of early pregnancy ultrasound screening in detecting fetal chromosomal abnormalities, while ultrasound-guided amniocentesis proves to be a safe and reliable diagnostic method.
Small RNAs in Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria exhibit selective enrichment for small RNAs (sRNAs), including tRNA fragments, as opposed to randomly reflecting cellular RNA pools. Building on well-established RNase-detergent controls and ddRTPCR quantification, we summarise delivery stoichiometry (≈1% of vesicle RNA reaching recipient cytoplasm) and propose reporting standards (vesicles per cell, RNA copies per vesicle, delivery per cell). Functionally, OMV RNAs signal via two main routes: cytosolic Argonaute-dependent silencing and endosomal TLR7/8 sensing in both pathogenic and commensal bacterial species. We highlight evidence that OMVs can travel along the gut–brain axis and activate astrocytic NF-κB, thereby exacerbating amyloidassociated pathology, and we outline the experimental controls needed to attribute these effects specifically to RNA cargo. Finally, we consider how these principles could guide the engineering of probiotic-derived OMVs to tune immune tone within a quantitative mechanistic framework. This review identifies key methodological gaps and puts forth quantitative frameworks for studying RNA delivery.
Application of Multi-Omics Analysis in Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues and is closely associated with systemic health conditions. The complex and heterogeneous pathogenesis of periodontitis necessitates the adoption of comprehensive approaches to elucidate its molecular mechanisms. The advent of high-throughput omics technologies has revolutionized biomedical research, thereby enabling integrative multi-omics analysis to provide a holistic view of biological systems. This review aims to synthesize recent advances in the application of multi-omics strategies—including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—in periodontitis research. This paper discusses how these approaches have elucidated the etiopathogenesis, identified novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and revealed potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, this research explores the emerging role of artificial intelligence in integrating and interpreting complex multi-omics datasets. The conclusion underscores that multi-omics integration is pivotal for advancing personalized dentistry and precision medicine in periodontitis management, albeit challenges in data standardization and clinical translation remain to be addressed.
The Analysis of BCI Technology and its Influences on Human-being
With the rapid advancement of neuroscience, computer science, and material science, the studies of the human brain are entering a new era. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology aims to create a direct link between a person’s brain and external devices for more convenient communication. This area is attracting more investigation that falls squarely at the meeting point of neural engineering and artificial intelligence. This article starts with exploring the basics, how BCIs work, and their types, all based on a review of current research. This paper concludes that BCI is a creative way in which humans can connect with computers, with very much potential to benefit human beings in various fields.
The Role of Single-Leg Vertical Jump in Return-to-Sport Evaluation After ACL Reconstruction — A Critical Review Based on Optical Motion Capture
Anter ior cruciate l igament (ACL) injuries and reconstruction surgeries are very common in sports medicine. Scientific evaluation and documentation of return-to-sport (RTS) readiness are key steps to reduce the risk of re-injury. This paper builds on research published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine (2022), explaining the use of optical motion capture in evaluating functional performance after ACL reconstruction. The study found that while horizontal hop tests often appear symmetrical, the single-leg vertical jump (SLJ) more effectively reveals deficits in knee joint function. This review summarizes the contributions of the research, critically analyzes its limitations, and proposes directions for future improvement. In addition, ACL injuries are common in sports requiring single-leg deceleration, cutting, and landing movements, such as basketball, soccer, handball, and skiing, with most being non-contact injuries. As competition levels rise, ACL injuries and reconstructions are increasingly frequent, highlighting the necessity of establishing sensitive and reproducible RTS evaluation indicators.
A Review of the Effects of ApoE3 and the Principle of Treating Alzheimer’s Disease
The onset of Alzheimer ’s disease is related to genetics, abnormal deposition of beta amyloid (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter disorders, age and other factors. In recent years, the global population aging has intensified, and the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease has continued to rise. It is estimated that the number of patients around the world will reach 78 million by 2030. This paper starts with the polymorphism of the genetic pathogenic gene of Alzheimer’s disease, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), breaks the previous research inertia that focused solely on the “pathogenic mechanism” of ApoE4, and discusses some pathogenic genes in Alzheimer’s disease by focusing on the specific blocking effect of ApoE3 R136S mutation on tau pathology. From molecular mechanisms, cellular models, and animal experiments to clinical translation, this paper demonstrates that the ApoE3 R136S mutation exerts a neuroprotective effect against AD through multiple pathways, including inhibiting tau propagation, regulating immune responses, and promoting tau degradation.
Current Status, Efficacy Evaluation and Development Prospects of Pharmacological Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheime r ’s d i s e a s e ( A D ) i s a p r o g r e s s i v e neurodegenerative disorder. With population aging, its incidence rises continuously, imposing a heavy burden on society. Currently, relevant drugs can only alleviate disease progression but cannot achieve a complete cure, which urgently calls for in-depth research on AD pharmacological treatments. This paper conducts a comprehensive review, a gap that urgently necessitates in-depth research into AD pharmacological treatments. It provides an overview of AD and its current treatment landscape, involving the disease’s status, the efficacy evaluation of pharmacotherapies, and the core value and significance of pharmacotherapy in AD intervention. Then, it explores AD’s pathogenesis and pharmacotherapeutic targets. Additionally, the efficacy and safety of AD drug therapies are analyzed. Finally, limitations and challenges in current AD research are discussed. Through this study, it is concluded that although there are some advances in AD pharmacological treatments, there remains a long path to achieving a complete cure and further exploration of disease mechanisms and innovative drug development is therefore essential.
Application and Prospect of Stem Cells and Biomaterials in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration
Oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects are common clinical problems that seriously affect patients’ oral function and mental health. Traditional restorative methods have limitations, while regenerative dentistry utilizes oral-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), such as Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs), Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs), and Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED), combined with biomaterials such as hydrogels, scaffolds, and growth factors, to provide a new strategy for tissue regeneration. This type of stem cell exhibits multidirectional differentiation capacity and can promote the functional repair of dentin, periodontal, and bone tissues. In recent years, cell-free strategies based on the MSCs secretum (such as exosomes and conditioned medium) have also shown regenerative potential. Although challenges remain in MSC sources, vascularization, and material integration, with the advancement of tissue engineering technology and personalized treatment, regenerative dentistry holds broad prospects for the repair of oral and maxillofacial defects.
Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration
CAR-T Cell Therapy in Primary Mediastinal B-cell Lymphoma
A specific type of CAR-T cell therapy, the CAR19 therapy has demonstrated notable efficacy for relapsed or refractory (R/R) hematologic cancers, including B-cell lymphomas. After the recent reclassification of the rare subtype Primary Mediastinal B-cell Lymphoma (PMBCL) from general Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), questions have been raised about the application of immunotherapies in this cancer, including the most discussed CAR-T cell therapy. The CAR-T cell therapy, more specifically the CAR19, exerts anti-tumor effects in multiple mechanisms, including different cytotoxic pathways—apoptosis triggering via perforin–granzyme release and Fas/FasL-pathway—driven by calcium-dependent signaling MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB. Multiple extant clinical trials have evaluated the response of PMBCL patients to CAR19, specifically the Axi-cel, Liso-cel, and Tisa-cel therapies, focusing the rates of complete response (CR), progression-free survival (PFS), and the overall survival (OS). Studies exclusive to PMBCL patients showed that bridging therapies and other first-line treatments did not influence CAR19 effectiveness, while post-relapse application of Pembrolizumab yielded durable CRs in some patients, and allo-HSCT was associated with high mortality. The CAR-SIE trial in Italy, comparing Axi-cel CAR19 in PMBCL cancer with other B-cell lymphomas, demonstrated a better result in PMBCL patients with higher ORR, CR, and PFS. This paper integrates the underlying mechanisms of CAR19 with clinical trials, aiming to demonstrate both the potential and the limitations of this therapy in PMBCL cancer.
Advances in Nanopore Technology for Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection: From Principles to Translational Precision Medicine
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of variation in the human genome and crucial biomarkers for assessing susceptibility to disease, response to pharmacological intervention. Conventional methods of SNP detection, including Sanger sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarray analysis, have been widely used; however, these are limited with regards to throughput, scalability, and point-of-care compatibility. Alternatively, nanopore-based sequencing technologies are new platforms, enabling real-time, label-free analysis at the single-molecule level. This review outlines the recent developments in the application of biological, solid-state, and hybrid nanopores as devices for SNP detection, focusing on their fundamental principles, highlights of notable platforms, and technological developments. Key milestones include advancements in sample preparation and translocation control, signal resolution optimization through geometric pore design and the use of ultrathin membranes, and the development of probe engineering strategies targeting allele-specific discrimination as well as minimizing background noise. These advances aim to improve the accuracy and clinical relevance of nanopore-mediated SNP detection, and the translational significance of precision medicine.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection
Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Design of Tumor mRNA Vaccines
For many years, scientists have been focused on developing mRNA-based vaccines, an area that has transitioned from theoretical concepts to practical treatments in clinical settings. This remarkable progress highlights the speed at which scientific advancements can occur when collaboration and innovation intersect. mRNA vaccines offer several inherent advantages, such as robust immunogenicity, a lack of gene integration risks, and the potential for cost-effective production. However, challenges related to mRNA stability and degradation continue to pose significant hurdles. To address these challenges and enhance vaccine development, traditional trial-and-error methods are increasingly being complemented and, in some cases, replaced by rational design strategies that leverage artificial intelligence (AI). In this review, we explore the core technologies underpinning mRNA vaccines and discuss how AI-driven design methods are optimizing their development. We also present a case study of trRosettaRNA, a deep learning-based approach for automating the prediction of RNA three-dimensional structures. This method successfully predicts the 3D structure of target RNA, demonstrating the transformative potential of AI in optimizing vaccine design and further advancing mRNA-based therapeutic strategies.
Application of CRISPR in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
As a highly invasive malignant tumor, pancreatic cancer (PC) has an increasing incidence rate and a long-term low 5-year survival rate. At present, CRISPR has been used in the research of PC to analyze the function of oncogenes, explore drug resistance mechanisms and develop treatment strategies. Most of them are in the stage of cell and animal experiments. However, there are still research gaps in tumor microenvironment penetration, low delivery efficiency in vivo, off target effects and treatment limitations caused by tumor heterogeneity. This article systematically reviews the CRISPR foundation, analyzes the pathogenesis of high-frequency mutant genes in PC, elaborates three major treatment strategies based on CRISPR, combs the progress of second-generation CRISPR, clarifies the current technical challenges, and proposes targeted vector development, high fidelity Cas protein application and other corresponding programs. This study provides a comprehensive reference for the clinical transformation of CRISPR in the field of PC, helping to break through the bottleneck of traditional treatment; However, the long-term safety of this technology in the human body still needs to be verified. Future research can rely on the third-generation CRISPR to optimize the targeted delivery system, explore the joint strategy with immunotherapy and chemotherapy, promote the technology to clinical implementation, and provide more accurate treatment schemes for PC patients.
Applications and Future Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence in gRNA Design
The rapid development of CRISPR gene editing has brought revolutionary breakthroughs to the biomedical area, yet the design of gRNA is still facing problems as unstable editing efficiency and the risk of off-target. The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has guided this issue to a brighter future. Studies have shown that deep learning models can predict editing efficiency and assess off-target risk precisely through analyzing information as the sequence features of gRNA, while the introduction of tools like Reinforcement Learning (RL) further enlarges the space of gRNA design. There is still a deficiency in recent studies. This paper analyzes the application of AI in gRNA design, including editing efficiency and off-target risk assessment. The workflow, performance, and limitations of each model are concluded, and the conclusion of AI having a great devotion to gRNA design and the tips for choosing different models in different cases are given. This research provides references about choosing and designing models, but there are still unsolved challenges in aspects of building standard datasets and public databases. In the future, gRNA design can be optimized by reinforcing the use of Federated Learning (FL) and single-cell CRISPR screening technology.
Research Progress on Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise-Regulated Immunity
Physical exercise exerts bidirectional effects on human immune system. This essay is written to demonstrate significant molecular mechanisms of the opposite immune regulations by physical activity. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that regular exercisers experience reduced risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and exhibit substantially lower incidence rates of certain cancers. Inversely, athletes who have undergone intense physical training, such as those who have participated in a marathon race. The incidence rate of URTI will increase significantly compared to that of ordinary people who did not participate in the competition during the same period. Through comprehensive literature review and analysis, this review synthesizes current knowledge on exercise-immune interactions. Main findings indicate the J model theory curve relationship between exercise intensity and infection risk of URTIs, demonstrating that moderate activity enhances immunosurveillance while prolonged high-intensity exercises may induce temporary immunosuppression. This article clearly explains the classic cellular pathways of immune regulation, achieving a combination of the macroscopic and the microscopic. Serving as the scientific basis for individualized exercise prescriptions.
Principles and Methods of De Novo Protein Design and Applications
De novo protein design strategy enables to create novel protein sequence that are able to fold in stable and functional structure, while breaking through the limitation of natural evolution. This method, which is based on the idea that the amino acid sequence of a protein dictates its three-dimensional structure, identifies a particular sequence with a low-energy state by combining computational methods, molecular interaction modeling, and thermodynamic optimization. Stabilizing interactions between molecules are precisely engineered to ensure the protein is folded into desired structure, while maintaining conformational stability. Recent advanced methods in de novo protein design includes flexible and fixed backbone modeling and deep learning-guided assembly. These methods have improved accuracy of modeling and broadened available space for protein sequence. De novo protein design can be applied across multiple biomedical domains. De novo protein design achieves notable success in vaccine innovation, where stabilized epitopes are presented to enhance the immune targeting, and in immunotherapy, where synthetic cytokine mimetics achieve high selectivity with reduced toxicity. These developments demonstrate how de novo protein design is transitioning from a conceptual idea to a robust platform for advanced therapeutics.
The Implementation Application of CRISPR Gene-Editing Technology within CAR-T Strategies Targeting Solid Tumors
With impressive clinical results, The management of hematologic malignancies has evolved as a result of CAR-T treatment. However, its application to solid tumors is restricted by immune-suppressive tumor milieus, antigenic heterogeneity, and insufficient persistence and infiltration of engineered T cells. CRISPR-Cas9, a versatile and precise genome-editing platform, offers new strategies to overcome these challenges through targeted modification of its products. This paper describes the mechanical properties and structural layout of CAR-T treatment, together with important obstacles in the context of solid tumors and CRISPR-driven engineering techniques meant to improve therapeutic efficacy. The development of universal CAR-T products for ready-to-use applications, metabolic reprogramming to adapt to nutrient-limited and hypoxic conditions, cytokine gene integration to support persistence and immune communication, and checkpoint receptor disruption to maintain T-cell activity are examples of representative strategies. Collectively, the convergence of CRISPR and CAR-T technologies enhances precision, durability, and broad applicability, positioning this combined strategy as a promising direction for next-generation immunotherapy against solid cancers.
Research on CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Technology in Cancer Treatment
Gene editing technology represents a pioneering biotechnology that leverages molecular tools to achieve efficient and precise modifications of the DNA sequences within a biological genome, enabling the regulation of gene functions or the enhancement of traits. As a component of bacterial adaptive immunity, CRISPR/Cas9 has swiftly emerged as a revolutionary gene editing tool in the life sciences, outperforming traditional zinc finger nucleases and TALEN technologies in terms of editing efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The CRISPR-Cas gene editing tool boasts not only robust functionality but also remarkable specificity and efficiency, facilitating accurate and rapid screening of the entire genome and enabling gene therapy for specific diseases. It has found widespread application in research pertaining to human disease treatment. In the realm of oncology, the CRISPR-Cas system can be employed to edit the genome and delve into the mechanisms underlying tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This article provides a comprehensive review of the advancements in CRISPR/Cas9 research pertaining to lung cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and bladder cancer, encompassing key target screening, elucidation of drug resistance mechanisms, development of gene therapy vectors, and clinical trial outcomes. Furthermore, it delves into its potential for clinical application and existing challenges, offering a theoretical foundation for future precision cancer research endeavors.
The Impact of Nanoparticle-Modified Carriers on Drug Entry and Exit in Tumor Cells
In recent years, malignant tumors have posed a severe threat to human health. Currently, most clinically used drug molecules are non-targeted chemical structure drugs with low bioavailability. The halogens or sulfur elements in their structures can easily cause toxic side effects to normal cells. High doses are required to achieve therapeutic concentrations, which may further exacerbate toxic side effects and lead to non-specific adverse reactions. Additionally, the rapid excretion of drugs can easily cause peak and trough phenomena, resulting in poor therapeutic effects. In contrast, nanoparticle carriers wrapped in cell membranes have gained widespread application in cancer treatment due to their high biocompatibility. They can disguise themselves as autologous cells, evade recognition and clearance by the immune system, prolong circulation time in the bloodstream, and enhance targeting to tumors. This is crucial for tumor drug delivery and treatment.
Research on the Epidemiology of Zoonotic Diseases due to Overgrazing - Take Echinococcosis as an Example
Echinococcoccosis is a global zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, posing a serious threat to human health, livestock production and ecological balance. This review examines the epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis, focusing on the amplifying role of overgrazing in disease transmission. Overgrazing disrupts grassland ecosystems and increases contact between wild canids (foxes, wolves), domestic animals (sheep, cattle) and humans, thereby facilitating the transmission of tapeworm eggs in contaminated environments. Clinical manifestations in humans include pressure organ damage, systemic toxicity and life-threatening anaphylactic reactions, with ruptured cysts and complications leading to high rates of recurrence and mortality. Based on the analyses, this paper proposes corresponding preventive strategies that emphasise comprehensive management of domestic animals in transitional grazing areas, safe handling of infected livestock organs and public health education to interrupt the ‘wildlife-livestock-human’ transmission chain.