ISSN 2959-409X(Print) ISSN 2960-1290(Online) Editor-in-chief ： Raees Ahmad （Xi'an Jiaotong University） Associate Editor： Zunaira Khalid （University of Lahore） Editorial Board Member： Muhammad Numan（The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University） Yu Diao（Xi'an Jiaotong University） The journal's rigorous process ensures that only high-quality papers are accepted for publication, providing readers with reliable and well-researched articles. This ensures that readers are exposed to the latest and most relevant research in the field of medicine. The journal covers a wide range of topics, from basic medical sciences such as anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology, to clinical specialties such as cardiology, oncology, and pediatrics. This breadth of coverage ensures that readers are exposed to the latest research in various medical fields. MedScien also places a strong emphasis on practical applications of research findings. The journal is committed to promoting research that has real-world applications and can inform clinical practice and healthcare policy-making. As such, readers can expect to find articles that not only contribute to theoretical knowledge but also have practical implications for healthcare professionals. All articles will be submitted to Google Scholar, Crossref, U.S. Librarian Database, ProQuest(part of Clarivate’s Web of Science), Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, SEMANTIC SCHOLAR, OpenAlex.
Study on Diagnosis of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities by Ultrasound Screening and Ultrasound-Guided Amniocentesis
With advancements in modern medical technology, prenatal diagnosis has become increasingly crucial. This review focuses on exploring the clinical value, application status, and research progress of two key prenatal diagnostic methods—ultrasound screening and ultrasound-guided amniocentesis—in the detection of fetal chromosomal abnormalities. By systematically summarizing relevant literature and clinical studies, the review analyzes the effectiveness, safety, and applicable scenarios of these two methods, compares their advantages and limitations with other common prenatal screening and diagnostic techniques, and identifies the core indications for their clinical application. The study reveals significantly higher detection rates of chromosomal abnormalities in the ultrasound screening abnormal group compared to the Down syndrome screening group. Key indications for amniocentesis include abnormal Down syndrome screening results, ultrasound screening abnormalities (such as NT thickening), and advanced maternal age. This research demonstrates the clinical significance of early pregnancy ultrasound screening in detecting fetal chromosomal abnormalities, while ultrasound-guided amniocentesis proves to be a safe and reliable diagnostic method.
Small RNAs in Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria exhibit selective enrichment for small RNAs (sRNAs), including tRNA fragments, as opposed to randomly reflecting cellular RNA pools. Building on well-established RNase-detergent controls and ddRTPCR quantification, we summarise delivery stoichiometry (≈1% of vesicle RNA reaching recipient cytoplasm) and propose reporting standards (vesicles per cell, RNA copies per vesicle, delivery per cell). Functionally, OMV RNAs signal via two main routes: cytosolic Argonaute-dependent silencing and endosomal TLR7/8 sensing in both pathogenic and commensal bacterial species. We highlight evidence that OMVs can travel along the gut–brain axis and activate astrocytic NF-κB, thereby exacerbating amyloidassociated pathology, and we outline the experimental controls needed to attribute these effects specifically to RNA cargo. Finally, we consider how these principles could guide the engineering of probiotic-derived OMVs to tune immune tone within a quantitative mechanistic framework. This review identifies key methodological gaps and puts forth quantitative frameworks for studying RNA delivery.
Application of Multi-Omics Analysis in Periodontitis
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues and is closely associated with systemic health conditions. The complex and heterogeneous pathogenesis of periodontitis necessitates the adoption of comprehensive approaches to elucidate its molecular mechanisms. The advent of high-throughput omics technologies has revolutionized biomedical research, thereby enabling integrative multi-omics analysis to provide a holistic view of biological systems. This review aims to synthesize recent advances in the application of multi-omics strategies—including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—in periodontitis research. This paper discusses how these approaches have elucidated the etiopathogenesis, identified novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and revealed potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, this research explores the emerging role of artificial intelligence in integrating and interpreting complex multi-omics datasets. The conclusion underscores that multi-omics integration is pivotal for advancing personalized dentistry and precision medicine in periodontitis management, albeit challenges in data standardization and clinical translation remain to be addressed.
The Analysis of BCI Technology and its Influences on Human-being
With the rapid advancement of neuroscience, computer science, and material science, the studies of the human brain are entering a new era. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology aims to create a direct link between a person’s brain and external devices for more convenient communication. This area is attracting more investigation that falls squarely at the meeting point of neural engineering and artificial intelligence. This article starts with exploring the basics, how BCIs work, and their types, all based on a review of current research. This paper concludes that BCI is a creative way in which humans can connect with computers, with very much potential to benefit human beings in various fields.
The Role of Single-Leg Vertical Jump in Return-to-Sport Evaluation After ACL Reconstruction — A Critical Review Based on Optical Motion Capture
Anter ior cruciate l igament (ACL) injuries and reconstruction surgeries are very common in sports medicine. Scientific evaluation and documentation of return-to-sport (RTS) readiness are key steps to reduce the risk of re-injury. This paper builds on research published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine (2022), explaining the use of optical motion capture in evaluating functional performance after ACL reconstruction. The study found that while horizontal hop tests often appear symmetrical, the single-leg vertical jump (SLJ) more effectively reveals deficits in knee joint function. This review summarizes the contributions of the research, critically analyzes its limitations, and proposes directions for future improvement. In addition, ACL injuries are common in sports requiring single-leg deceleration, cutting, and landing movements, such as basketball, soccer, handball, and skiing, with most being non-contact injuries. As competition levels rise, ACL injuries and reconstructions are increasingly frequent, highlighting the necessity of establishing sensitive and reproducible RTS evaluation indicators.
A Review of the Effects of ApoE3 and the Principle of Treating Alzheimer’s Disease
The onset of Alzheimer ’s disease is related to genetics, abnormal deposition of beta amyloid (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter disorders, age and other factors. In recent years, the global population aging has intensified, and the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease has continued to rise. It is estimated that the number of patients around the world will reach 78 million by 2030. This paper starts with the polymorphism of the genetic pathogenic gene of Alzheimer’s disease, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), breaks the previous research inertia that focused solely on the “pathogenic mechanism” of ApoE4, and discusses some pathogenic genes in Alzheimer’s disease by focusing on the specific blocking effect of ApoE3 R136S mutation on tau pathology. From molecular mechanisms, cellular models, and animal experiments to clinical translation, this paper demonstrates that the ApoE3 R136S mutation exerts a neuroprotective effect against AD through multiple pathways, including inhibiting tau propagation, regulating immune responses, and promoting tau degradation.
Current Status, Efficacy Evaluation and Development Prospects of Pharmacological Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheime r ’s d i s e a s e ( A D ) i s a p r o g r e s s i v e neurodegenerative disorder. With population aging, its incidence rises continuously, imposing a heavy burden on society. Currently, relevant drugs can only alleviate disease progression but cannot achieve a complete cure, which urgently calls for in-depth research on AD pharmacological treatments. This paper conducts a comprehensive review, a gap that urgently necessitates in-depth research into AD pharmacological treatments. It provides an overview of AD and its current treatment landscape, involving the disease’s status, the efficacy evaluation of pharmacotherapies, and the core value and significance of pharmacotherapy in AD intervention. Then, it explores AD’s pathogenesis and pharmacotherapeutic targets. Additionally, the efficacy and safety of AD drug therapies are analyzed. Finally, limitations and challenges in current AD research are discussed. Through this study, it is concluded that although there are some advances in AD pharmacological treatments, there remains a long path to achieving a complete cure and further exploration of disease mechanisms and innovative drug development is therefore essential.
Application and Prospect of Stem Cells and Biomaterials in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration
Oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects are common clinical problems that seriously affect patients’ oral function and mental health. Traditional restorative methods have limitations, while regenerative dentistry utilizes oral-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), such as Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs), Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (PDLSCs), and Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED), combined with biomaterials such as hydrogels, scaffolds, and growth factors, to provide a new strategy for tissue regeneration. This type of stem cell exhibits multidirectional differentiation capacity and can promote the functional repair of dentin, periodontal, and bone tissues. In recent years, cell-free strategies based on the MSCs secretum (such as exosomes and conditioned medium) have also shown regenerative potential. Although challenges remain in MSC sources, vascularization, and material integration, with the advancement of tissue engineering technology and personalized treatment, regenerative dentistry holds broad prospects for the repair of oral and maxillofacial defects.
Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration
CAR-T Cell Therapy in Primary Mediastinal B-cell Lymphoma
A specific type of CAR-T cell therapy, the CAR19 therapy has demonstrated notable efficacy for relapsed or refractory (R/R) hematologic cancers, including B-cell lymphomas. After the recent reclassification of the rare subtype Primary Mediastinal B-cell Lymphoma (PMBCL) from general Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL), questions have been raised about the application of immunotherapies in this cancer, including the most discussed CAR-T cell therapy. The CAR-T cell therapy, more specifically the CAR19, exerts anti-tumor effects in multiple mechanisms, including different cytotoxic pathways—apoptosis triggering via perforin–granzyme release and Fas/FasL-pathway—driven by calcium-dependent signaling MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB. Multiple extant clinical trials have evaluated the response of PMBCL patients to CAR19, specifically the Axi-cel, Liso-cel, and Tisa-cel therapies, focusing the rates of complete response (CR), progression-free survival (PFS), and the overall survival (OS). Studies exclusive to PMBCL patients showed that bridging therapies and other first-line treatments did not influence CAR19 effectiveness, while post-relapse application of Pembrolizumab yielded durable CRs in some patients, and allo-HSCT was associated with high mortality. The CAR-SIE trial in Italy, comparing Axi-cel CAR19 in PMBCL cancer with other B-cell lymphomas, demonstrated a better result in PMBCL patients with higher ORR, CR, and PFS. This paper integrates the underlying mechanisms of CAR19 with clinical trials, aiming to demonstrate both the potential and the limitations of this therapy in PMBCL cancer.
Advances in Nanopore Technology for Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection: From Principles to Translational Precision Medicine
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of variation in the human genome and crucial biomarkers for assessing susceptibility to disease, response to pharmacological intervention. Conventional methods of SNP detection, including Sanger sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarray analysis, have been widely used; however, these are limited with regards to throughput, scalability, and point-of-care compatibility. Alternatively, nanopore-based sequencing technologies are new platforms, enabling real-time, label-free analysis at the single-molecule level. This review outlines the recent developments in the application of biological, solid-state, and hybrid nanopores as devices for SNP detection, focusing on their fundamental principles, highlights of notable platforms, and technological developments. Key milestones include advancements in sample preparation and translocation control, signal resolution optimization through geometric pore design and the use of ultrathin membranes, and the development of probe engineering strategies targeting allele-specific discrimination as well as minimizing background noise. These advances aim to improve the accuracy and clinical relevance of nanopore-mediated SNP detection, and the translational significance of precision medicine.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection
Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Design of Tumor mRNA Vaccines
For many years, scientists have been focused on developing mRNA-based vaccines, an area that has transitioned from theoretical concepts to practical treatments in clinical settings. This remarkable progress highlights the speed at which scientific advancements can occur when collaboration and innovation intersect. mRNA vaccines offer several inherent advantages, such as robust immunogenicity, a lack of gene integration risks, and the potential for cost-effective production. However, challenges related to mRNA stability and degradation continue to pose significant hurdles. To address these challenges and enhance vaccine development, traditional trial-and-error methods are increasingly being complemented and, in some cases, replaced by rational design strategies that leverage artificial intelligence (AI). In this review, we explore the core technologies underpinning mRNA vaccines and discuss how AI-driven design methods are optimizing their development. We also present a case study of trRosettaRNA, a deep learning-based approach for automating the prediction of RNA three-dimensional structures. This method successfully predicts the 3D structure of target RNA, demonstrating the transformative potential of AI in optimizing vaccine design and further advancing mRNA-based therapeutic strategies.
Application of CRISPR in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
As a highly invasive malignant tumor, pancreatic cancer (PC) has an increasing incidence rate and a long-term low 5-year survival rate. At present, CRISPR has been used in the research of PC to analyze the function of oncogenes, explore drug resistance mechanisms and develop treatment strategies. Most of them are in the stage of cell and animal experiments. However, there are still research gaps in tumor microenvironment penetration, low delivery efficiency in vivo, off target effects and treatment limitations caused by tumor heterogeneity. This article systematically reviews the CRISPR foundation, analyzes the pathogenesis of high-frequency mutant genes in PC, elaborates three major treatment strategies based on CRISPR, combs the progress of second-generation CRISPR, clarifies the current technical challenges, and proposes targeted vector development, high fidelity Cas protein application and other corresponding programs. This study provides a comprehensive reference for the clinical transformation of CRISPR in the field of PC, helping to break through the bottleneck of traditional treatment; However, the long-term safety of this technology in the human body still needs to be verified. Future research can rely on the third-generation CRISPR to optimize the targeted delivery system, explore the joint strategy with immunotherapy and chemotherapy, promote the technology to clinical implementation, and provide more accurate treatment schemes for PC patients.
Applications and Future Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence in gRNA Design
The rapid development of CRISPR gene editing has brought revolutionary breakthroughs to the biomedical area, yet the design of gRNA is still facing problems as unstable editing efficiency and the risk of off-target. The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has guided this issue to a brighter future. Studies have shown that deep learning models can predict editing efficiency and assess off-target risk precisely through analyzing information as the sequence features of gRNA, while the introduction of tools like Reinforcement Learning (RL) further enlarges the space of gRNA design. There is still a deficiency in recent studies. This paper analyzes the application of AI in gRNA design, including editing efficiency and off-target risk assessment. The workflow, performance, and limitations of each model are concluded, and the conclusion of AI having a great devotion to gRNA design and the tips for choosing different models in different cases are given. This research provides references about choosing and designing models, but there are still unsolved challenges in aspects of building standard datasets and public databases. In the future, gRNA design can be optimized by reinforcing the use of Federated Learning (FL) and single-cell CRISPR screening technology.
Research Progress on Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise-Regulated Immunity
Physical exercise exerts bidirectional effects on human immune system. This essay is written to demonstrate significant molecular mechanisms of the opposite immune regulations by physical activity. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that regular exercisers experience reduced risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and exhibit substantially lower incidence rates of certain cancers. Inversely, athletes who have undergone intense physical training, such as those who have participated in a marathon race. The incidence rate of URTI will increase significantly compared to that of ordinary people who did not participate in the competition during the same period. Through comprehensive literature review and analysis, this review synthesizes current knowledge on exercise-immune interactions. Main findings indicate the J model theory curve relationship between exercise intensity and infection risk of URTIs, demonstrating that moderate activity enhances immunosurveillance while prolonged high-intensity exercises may induce temporary immunosuppression. This article clearly explains the classic cellular pathways of immune regulation, achieving a combination of the macroscopic and the microscopic. Serving as the scientific basis for individualized exercise prescriptions.
Principles and Methods of De Novo Protein Design and Applications
De novo protein design strategy enables to create novel protein sequence that are able to fold in stable and functional structure, while breaking through the limitation of natural evolution. This method, which is based on the idea that the amino acid sequence of a protein dictates its three-dimensional structure, identifies a particular sequence with a low-energy state by combining computational methods, molecular interaction modeling, and thermodynamic optimization. Stabilizing interactions between molecules are precisely engineered to ensure the protein is folded into desired structure, while maintaining conformational stability. Recent advanced methods in de novo protein design includes flexible and fixed backbone modeling and deep learning-guided assembly. These methods have improved accuracy of modeling and broadened available space for protein sequence. De novo protein design can be applied across multiple biomedical domains. De novo protein design achieves notable success in vaccine innovation, where stabilized epitopes are presented to enhance the immune targeting, and in immunotherapy, where synthetic cytokine mimetics achieve high selectivity with reduced toxicity. These developments demonstrate how de novo protein design is transitioning from a conceptual idea to a robust platform for advanced therapeutics.
The Implementation Application of CRISPR Gene-Editing Technology within CAR-T Strategies Targeting Solid Tumors
With impressive clinical results, The management of hematologic malignancies has evolved as a result of CAR-T treatment. However, its application to solid tumors is restricted by immune-suppressive tumor milieus, antigenic heterogeneity, and insufficient persistence and infiltration of engineered T cells. CRISPR-Cas9, a versatile and precise genome-editing platform, offers new strategies to overcome these challenges through targeted modification of its products. This paper describes the mechanical properties and structural layout of CAR-T treatment, together with important obstacles in the context of solid tumors and CRISPR-driven engineering techniques meant to improve therapeutic efficacy. The development of universal CAR-T products for ready-to-use applications, metabolic reprogramming to adapt to nutrient-limited and hypoxic conditions, cytokine gene integration to support persistence and immune communication, and checkpoint receptor disruption to maintain T-cell activity are examples of representative strategies. Collectively, the convergence of CRISPR and CAR-T technologies enhances precision, durability, and broad applicability, positioning this combined strategy as a promising direction for next-generation immunotherapy against solid cancers.
Research on CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Technology in Cancer Treatment
Gene editing technology represents a pioneering biotechnology that leverages molecular tools to achieve efficient and precise modifications of the DNA sequences within a biological genome, enabling the regulation of gene functions or the enhancement of traits. As a component of bacterial adaptive immunity, CRISPR/Cas9 has swiftly emerged as a revolutionary gene editing tool in the life sciences, outperforming traditional zinc finger nucleases and TALEN technologies in terms of editing efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The CRISPR-Cas gene editing tool boasts not only robust functionality but also remarkable specificity and efficiency, facilitating accurate and rapid screening of the entire genome and enabling gene therapy for specific diseases. It has found widespread application in research pertaining to human disease treatment. In the realm of oncology, the CRISPR-Cas system can be employed to edit the genome and delve into the mechanisms underlying tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This article provides a comprehensive review of the advancements in CRISPR/Cas9 research pertaining to lung cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and bladder cancer, encompassing key target screening, elucidation of drug resistance mechanisms, development of gene therapy vectors, and clinical trial outcomes. Furthermore, it delves into its potential for clinical application and existing challenges, offering a theoretical foundation for future precision cancer research endeavors.
The Impact of Nanoparticle-Modified Carriers on Drug Entry and Exit in Tumor Cells
In recent years, malignant tumors have posed a severe threat to human health. Currently, most clinically used drug molecules are non-targeted chemical structure drugs with low bioavailability. The halogens or sulfur elements in their structures can easily cause toxic side effects to normal cells. High doses are required to achieve therapeutic concentrations, which may further exacerbate toxic side effects and lead to non-specific adverse reactions. Additionally, the rapid excretion of drugs can easily cause peak and trough phenomena, resulting in poor therapeutic effects. In contrast, nanoparticle carriers wrapped in cell membranes have gained widespread application in cancer treatment due to their high biocompatibility. They can disguise themselves as autologous cells, evade recognition and clearance by the immune system, prolong circulation time in the bloodstream, and enhance targeting to tumors. This is crucial for tumor drug delivery and treatment.
Research on the Epidemiology of Zoonotic Diseases due to Overgrazing - Take Echinococcosis as an Example
Echinococcoccosis is a global zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, posing a serious threat to human health, livestock production and ecological balance. This review examines the epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis, focusing on the amplifying role of overgrazing in disease transmission. Overgrazing disrupts grassland ecosystems and increases contact between wild canids (foxes, wolves), domestic animals (sheep, cattle) and humans, thereby facilitating the transmission of tapeworm eggs in contaminated environments. Clinical manifestations in humans include pressure organ damage, systemic toxicity and life-threatening anaphylactic reactions, with ruptured cysts and complications leading to high rates of recurrence and mortality. Based on the analyses, this paper proposes corresponding preventive strategies that emphasise comprehensive management of domestic animals in transitional grazing areas, safe handling of infected livestock organs and public health education to interrupt the ‘wildlife-livestock-human’ transmission chain.
Macrophage-mediated Immune Cell Interaction Network and its Synergistic Immune Escape Mechanism in Leishmania Protozoa Infection
Leishmania infection is a highly prevalent cause of parasitic disease in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, causing severe clinical symptoms such as skin ulcers and internal organ damage, posing a long-term threat to public health. Macrophages, as the main host cells of Leishmania invasion, have long been a key blind spot in the study of anti-infection immunity because of their dynamic interactions with T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells (NKs) and other immune cells. In this paper, we systematically analyze the synergistic escape mechanism in the macrophage-mediated immune cell network through cytokine inhibition, antigen presentation blockade, and inflammatory modulation. The article demonstrates that infected macrophages inhibit T cell activation, dendritic cell maturation, and NK cell killing through the secretion of TGF-β and IL-10. By down-regulating the expression of MHC molecules, infected macrophages form an "antigen presentation inhibition-immune cell inactivation" cascade. In addition, the study summarizes the reasons why the remodeling of the inflammatory microenvironment promotes parasite survival. This study provides new perspectives for therapeutic strategies targeting immune checkpoints.
The GLP-1 Revolution: Miracle Drugs, Market Chaos, and the Cost of Slimness
In modern society, unhealthy dietary patterns and sedentary lifestyles have made weight management a pressing challenge for many individuals. Therefore, people are seeking more effective approaches that fit contemporary living. Since 2021, GLP-1 receptor agonists have expanded beyond their original role in diabetes treatment and entered the field of weight control. As novel therapies, they provide effective weight reduction and lower risks of obesity-related diseases such as stroke, hypertension, and heart failure. This article explores the global rise of GLP-1 drugs, considering not only their clinical benefits but also the cultural and economic factors behind their popularity. Cultural norms, beauty standards, and social media have played an important role in fueling public enthusiasm. The trend is especially visible in the United States, China, and Japan, where differences in regulation and pricing strongly shape access. While GLP-1 drugs represent a significant advance, concerns about side effects and access highlight the need to weigh their benefits against potential risks.
Analysis of the effect on immune recognition of the glycosylation of viral envelope based on the analysis of the HIV-1 envelope
This passage firstly presents the global overview of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), then providing a comprehensive review of the difficulties in the development of vaccines against the HIV, focusing on glycosylation modification of the envelope protein. During the infection process of this virus, the glycosylation modification help the virus evade the monitoring of the immune system through a series of immune evasion mechanisms. The glycosylation modifications of the virus are mainly located on the envelope of the virus. During the formation process of the envelope, the core products Group-specific antigen exerts a vital influence and shows positive effects in the maturation of the surface envelope proteins. Also, the components of the viral envelope and the mechanisms of glycosylation are introduced. The envelope protein have a significant impact in the immune evasion. Also, the passage introduces the recent progress in the research on treatment for the virus. An overall review on the impact of glycosylation modifications on immune evasion mechanism of HIV-1 virus is helpful for the future research in this field.
Applications of Electrochemical Biosensors across Medical, Environmental and Food Safety Fields
Traditional laboratory tests remain accurate, but they are slow, costly, and difficult to use outside controlled settings. Electrochemical sensors (including different sensor types and materials) have become indispensable tools nowadays. They offer major advantages, including high sensitivity, strong selectivity, fast response, low cost, simple miniaturization and reliable real-time online monitoring. Recent research have shown the application in three main fields: medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety, such as glucose monitoring in diabetes, heavy metal detection in water, and bacterial identification in food, confirming the value of real-time monitoring. They reduce the dependence on complex laboratory equipment. Relevant working mechanisms include signal conversion and biological recognition. As materials and designs improve, they move from experimental trials into daily practice. Meanwhile, limitations still exist. Sensors face problems such as signal interference and short lifespan. Further exploration is needed in the future, in the hope that it can be better applied in clinical practice.
Targeted Therapeutic Strategy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Leveraging RNA Editing
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastation X-linked recessive genetic disorder involving progressive muscle tissue degeneration and premature death, primarily occurring in males. Current therapies such as corticosteroids and gene replacement are of limited value and suffer from the problems of enormous side effects and restrictions based on viral vectors. RNA base editing is a new-generation therapeutic strategy for genetic diseases like DMD with advantages of being reversible, less likely to lead to off-target risks than DNA editing, and direct disease-causing mRNA mutation correction. This study reviews the literature for RNA base editing as a therapy for DMD. Major RNA editing technologies, adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing by engineered ADAR enzymes , are introduced for their potential to edit out premature stop codons in the DMD mRNA to restore functional dystrophin protein expression. Key milestones include the miniaturization of editors suitable for adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery, demonstration of efficacy in humanized DMD mouse models with dystrophin restoration and functional muscle improvement. The findings reveal the therapeutic utility of RNA base editing for DMD and propose new directions for its future clinical application.
Applications of CRISPR in the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune disorders are marked by the immune system’s erroneous recognition and ongoing assault on the body’s own tissues, impacting roughly 5-10% of individuals. Existing interventions, such as immunosuppressive drugs, can ease outward symptoms but cannot eliminate the root cause, while long-term use may bring about risks like heightened infection susceptibility or organ damage due to toxicity. CRISPR gene editing technology, which allows for accurate genomic modifications through Cas9 endonuclease and programmable guide RNA, has exhibited potential in treating monogenic diseases and certain tumors. However, its use in complex autoimmune conditions is still in the early investigative stage, with current approaches centered on editing genes that regulate immune cell activity and reestablishing immune tolerance. Notable research limitations include inefficient cell-type-specific delivery systems, unaddressed off-target modifications, and insufficient verification of long-term safety. This study conducts a comprehensive assessment of CRISPR-based therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases, encompassing the identification of disease-related genes (e.g., TLR7 in SLE and PTPN22 in RA), editing techniques (gene knockout, knock-in, and base editing), and the regulation of immune cell functions. Preclinical results show reduced production of autoantibodies, inhibited inflammatory responses, and mitigated tissue harm in models of SLE and RA. These findings offer a scientific foundation for the development of targeted, curative treatments, overcoming the drawbacks of traditional therapies. Future investigations should focus on improving editing accuracy, refining delivery systems, and performing extended safety evaluations to expedite the clinical application of personalized CRISPR-based treatments for autoimmune disorders.
Correlation Study and Treatment of Malignant Tumors with Differentiation Induction in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a holistic approach that emphasizes the importance of strengthening the body's vital energy and eliminating pathogenic factors. It suggests that tumors are linked to qi stagnation, blood stasis, and imbalance between yin and yang. This study explores the correlation between TCM treatment and tumor differentiation, and proposes innovative treatments under TCM theory. By combining clinical observations, research experiments, and collaborative diagnosis and treatment between TCM and Western medicine, the goal is to prevent tumor occurrence and metastasis. Some components of TCM can directly induce tumor cell differentiation and synergize with Western medicine treatment.
A review of studies on the impact of social isolation and loneliness on Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting the elderly, is on a continuous global rise in incidence and prevalence, placing a heavy burden on the individual, the family, and society. In recent years, more and more researches have revealed that social isolation and loneliness are important factors of risk for the development of AD. The purpose of this review is to systematically sort out the existing cohort research evidence on the impact of social isolation and loneliness on AD, to deeply explore the underlying neurobiological, psychological, and inflammatory response mechanisms, and to pay special attention to the gender specificity of the effects of social isolation and loneliness on AD, and to analyze the differences in cognitive decline, psychological problems, and disease progression between females and males, as well as their possible causes, with a view to providing new directions for future research and AD early prevention and intervention strategies for AD, with a view to providing new perspectives and theoretical basis for future research directions and early prevention and intervention strategies for AD.
Meniscus injuries are recognized as critical to knee joint function and mobility. This paper examines different diagnostic and treatment strategies for meniscal injuries. Technological advancements such as MRI and arthroscopies, alongside physical diagnostic tests like the Apley test, have significantly improved the accuracy of diagnosis. Treatment depends on severity and individual needs, ranging from conservative management to surgery like meniscectomies or meniscus repairs. Research shows that accelerated rehabilitation may be effective in certain conditions, but standard protocols are being developed. This study uses recent findings and patient outcome data to emphasize the importance of diagnostic and treatment methods in managing meniscus injuries.
Pyroptosis: A New Strategy for Oncolytic Virus Therapy of Cancer
In recent years, pyroptosis, as a form of proinflammatory programmed death, has been found to play a key role in the anti-tumor mechanism of OVs. This article systematically reviews the molecular mechanism of pyroptosis and tumor immune regulation, summarizes novel therapeutic strategies such as genetic engineering of OVs to enhance pyroptosis and combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and analyzes their effects on tumor microenvironment (TME) immune remodeling. The results showed that OVs mainly induced pyroptosis by activating the caspase-3/GSDME pathway, releasing inflammatory factors (such as IL-18, HMGB1) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), recruiting CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cell infiltration, and thus transforming "cold tumors" into "hot tumors". OVs can be transformed to express GSDM proteins, regulate mitochondrial dysfunction, and target tumor immune components to promote the treatment of tumors through pyroptosis. This article provides a theoretical basis for the clinical transformation of OVs and suggests that pyroptosis-based combination therapy may become an important direction for future tumor im-munotherapy.
The Mechanism of Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Detection
The high lethality of cancer is mainly attributed to its metastatic ability. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as important mediators driving tumor metastasis, have significant research value in tumor progression and prognosis assessment. In recent years, CTC detection methods have been continuously evolving, mainly including detection based on cell surface proteins and detection based on intracellular miRNA molecular markers. Surface protein detection techniques are mature and high-throughput, but prone to missed detections when epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) causes phenotypic changes; miRNA detection, on the other hand, can dynamically reflect the status of tumor cells, with high sensitivity, yet the process is complex and difficult to apply on a large scale. Currently, capturing the phenotypically heterogeneous and rare CTCs accurately remains a challenge in the field of detection. This paper systematically analyzes the principles, methods, current applications, and respective issues of the two major classes of CTC detection technologies: miRNA and surface protein detection. Furthermore, it discusses the positive role of combined detection in enhancing detection sensitivity and accuracy. Studies indicate that multi-marker combined detection can more comprehensively identify CTC heterogeneity, aiding in early tumor diagnosis, dynamic monitoring, and precise treatment. This paper provides a reference for the optimization of subsequent CTC detection technologies and in-depth research on tumor metastasis mechanisms, while pointing out current deficiencies in standardization, automation, and functional status analysis. Future research may focus on directions such as multi-omics integration and intelligent analysis.