Clinical Efficacy and Mechanism of Action of Acupuncture in Treating Primary Dysmenorrhea

Abstract

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a prevalent gynecological condition that profoundly impairs the quality of life. Acupuncture, a traditional Chinese therapy, has demonstrated significant efficacy and unique advantages in managing PD. Clinical evidence has corroborated that acupuncture, particularly when targeted at key acupoints such as SP6 (Sanyinjiao) and CV4 (Guanyuan), effectively mitigates pain and reduces reliance on analgesic agents. Its therapeutic effect is often superior to placebos and comparable to conventional pharmacotherapies. The underlying mechanisms involve multi-system integration: Peripherally, it attenuates uterine cramping by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and modulating prostaglandin balance. Centrally, it exerts analgesia by activating the endogenous opioid system and regulating neuroimmune crosstalk, and can also modulate brain network connectivity. Furthermore, the efficacy of acupuncture exhibits relative acupoint specificity and is dependent on the timing of intervention. In conclusion, acupuncture represents a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention for PD. Its multi-targeted, systemic regulatory effects provide a robust evidence-based foundation for its clinical application.