3D Bioprinting of Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Models: Advances, Applications, and Challenges

Abstract

This study examines the emerging role of threedimensional (3D) bioprinting i n constructing physiologically relevant tumor microenvironment (TME) models. By synthesizing recent advances in bioprinting strategies, bioink development, immune–tumor integration, and vascularization techniques, the analysis highlights how engineered spatial precision and controlled multicellular organization enhance the accuracy of cancer modeling. The findings indicate that 3D bioprinted TMEs provide improved platforms for studying tumor heterogeneity, therapy resistance, and drug response dynamics. Despite these strengths, challenges remain in achieving stable perfusion, standardizing bioink properties, and reproducing dynamic in vivo conditions. Future work should focus on integrating microfluidic systems, optimizing bioink formulations, and advancing interdisciplinary collaboration. Overall, this study underscores the value of 3D bioprinting as a transformative tool for oncology research and the development of more predictive preclinical models.