Applications of Electrochemical Biosensors across Medical, Environmental and Food Safety Fields

Abstract

Traditional laboratory tests remain accurate, but they are slow, costly, and difficult to use outside controlled settings. Electrochemical sensors (including different sensor types and materials) have become indispensable tools nowadays. They offer major advantages, including high sensitivity, strong selectivity, fast response, low cost, simple miniaturization and reliable real-time online monitoring. Recent research have shown the application in three main fields: medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety, such as glucose monitoring in diabetes, heavy metal detection in water, and bacterial identification in food, confirming the value of real-time monitoring. They reduce the dependence on complex laboratory equipment. Relevant working mechanisms include signal conversion and biological recognition. As materials and designs improve, they move from experimental trials into daily practice. Meanwhile, limitations still exist. Sensors face problems such as signal interference and short lifespan. Further exploration is needed in the future, in the hope that it can be better applied in clinical practice.