The mechanism of zolpidem and ramelteon to treat insomnia

Abstract

Insomnia, characterized by difficulty in getting or keeping sleep, has a serious impact on daytime performance and health. Zolpidem, a GABA-A receptor modulator, reduces sleep latency and increases sleep duration, making it suitable for short-term use. Ramelteon, a melatonin receptor agonist, regulates circadian rhythms and is effective for chronic insomnia, but is not addictive. The choice between zolpidem and ramelteon depends on the type of insomnia, and non-pharmacological treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy are recommended as a first choice. It is hoped that future treatments for insomnia will become safer and more personalized, combining medication with behavioral therapy to supplement treatment.